Attitudes to change. Attitudes to change were measured with the Attitudes to
Change Questionnaire (ACQ) developed by Vakola et al. (2003). The scale consists of 29
items (14 positive and 15 negative), and asks from the participants to rate the extent to
which they agree with each item on a five-point scale ranging from strongly disagree
(1) to strongly agree (5). A typical item of the positive attitude scale is: “I am looking
forward to changes within my work environment”. An example of a negative item is:
“When a new organizational change programme is initiated, I emphatically show my
disagreement”. The negatively stated items were reversed so that a high score to
indicate positive attitudes towards organizational change.