In the first place,the naturalist is opposed to the formalized teacher-centered methods of the medieval and Renaissance scholars,many of which persist to this day.In such methods the teacher was viewed as the teaching-learning process,whereas the student was presumed to be the recipient of the Knowledge presented to him.In their worst form such approaches made of the pupil's role a very passive one,indeed.His only activity was "giving back"o the teacher that which he had learned from the teacher or from books.