Abstract
X-ray microanalysis is commonly applied in biomaterials
research to study changes in biomaterial composition, calcifications,
or to identify particulates in tissue that has been
in contact with biomaterials. Studies where the effect of
biomaterials on the naturally occurring elements in the cells
are studied are rare. Exposure to or contact with
biomaterials may give rise to several cellular reactions with
characteristic changes in elemental patterns. Experimental
systems in which cultured cells are exposed to biomaterials,
and the resulting changes in elemental content measured
by X-ray microanalysis are presented. Proliferation results
in an increase in Mg, P and K. Injury and necrosis result in
increased Na, Cl and Ca, and decreased K and Mg. The
Na/K ratio is a sensitive indicator of cell damage. Apoptosis
results in increased Na/K and an increase P/S ratios. Mechanical
effects of biomaterials may cause changes in cellshape
or cell volume that may result in volume-regulating
ion fluxes, e.g., of chloride, accompanies by efflux of potassium.
The multi-element detection capability of X-ray
microanalysis makes it particularly suitable to detect these
characteristic patterns of changes. The technique can also
be used to define subpopulations of cells that differ with
respect to their reactions to external stimuli.
Key Words: X-ray microanalysis, biomaterials, proliferation,
necrosis, apoptosis, ion transport, cell cultures.
Abstract
X-ray microanalysis is commonly applied in biomaterials
research to study changes in biomaterial composition, calcifications,
or to identify particulates in tissue that has been
in contact with biomaterials. Studies where the effect of
biomaterials on the naturally occurring elements in the cells
are studied are rare. Exposure to or contact with
biomaterials may give rise to several cellular reactions with
characteristic changes in elemental patterns. Experimental
systems in which cultured cells are exposed to biomaterials,
and the resulting changes in elemental content measured
by X-ray microanalysis are presented. Proliferation results
in an increase in Mg, P and K. Injury and necrosis result in
increased Na, Cl and Ca, and decreased K and Mg. The
Na/K ratio is a sensitive indicator of cell damage. Apoptosis
results in increased Na/K and an increase P/S ratios. Mechanical
effects of biomaterials may cause changes in cellshape
or cell volume that may result in volume-regulating
ion fluxes, e.g., of chloride, accompanies by efflux of potassium.
The multi-element detection capability of X-ray
microanalysis makes it particularly suitable to detect these
characteristic patterns of changes. The technique can also
be used to define subpopulations of cells that differ with
respect to their reactions to external stimuli.
Key Words: X-ray microanalysis, biomaterials, proliferation,
necrosis, apoptosis, ion transport, cell cultures.
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