Orsato (2006) offers a framework to classify four independent, specialised and proactive
competitive environmental strategies according to the type of competitive advantage
(differentiation or lower costs) and competitive focus (organisational processes or products
and services).The first strategy, eco-efficiency, is grounded in the belief that “organisations
should be able to transform costs into profits by identifying concealed opportunities for
innovation, leading to more efficient organisational systems” (Orsato, 2006, p. 132).
Organisations typified by the second strategy, “beyond compliance leadership”,