- relevant and interesting subject for learners
- learners are negotiated in the syllabus designing
- Set tasks with clear outcomes and with a high possibility of the learners completing them successfully.
- Set many short achievement tests to encourage the learners to work and to show them that they can be successful learners.
- Show the learners how to keep records of their progress , e.g. graphs, scores, and writing-accuracy graph
- Help the learners become autonomous learners
- Reward learners’ efforts through publication in a class newsletter, through praise and through attention from the teacher.
- Use tasks that contain built-in challenges such as competition, time pressure, memory and hidden puzzle-like solutions (Nation, 1989a).
- Encourage learners to set achievable and realistic individual goals (Boon, 2007).