For each experiment, 24 replicates were raised and each experiment was repeated thrice. All the investigated parameters were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance was determined at p < 0.05. The data was analyzed statistically using SPSS (version 16) software and significant differences among the mean values were assessed on the basis of the Duncan’s multi-ple range test. Percentages have been transformed using arcsine transformation before statistical analysis. For spilanthol estima-tion, observations are an average of three separate analyses.