(a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving
deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive
techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective
scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective
nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.
(b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants
about research that is reasonably expected to cause
physical pain or severe emotional distress.
(c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral
feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to
participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion
of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of
the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their
data.