It concluded four overarching features. Firstly, manmade calamities such as conflicts, terrorism and industrial
hazards have been focused on as a result of the longstanding conflict and wars in Iraq. Secondly, no rigorous effort
has been made to institute a comprehensive disaster risk management framework due to a lower frequency of natural
disasters in recent years. Thirdly, the establishment of any comprehensive DRM/R framework which can be
operative at all the tiers has been inhibited due to a direct bearing for a transition from war and internal strife to
functional governance on DRM/R architecture in Iraq. Fourthly, there are a number of laws which were enacted
prior to 2003 and are directly related to DRM/R such as the Emergency Use Law 1969, Civil Defence Law 1978 and
Public Health Law 1981. But these laws have yet to be synchronized with the emerging legal and institutional
arrangements in post 2005 Iraq