It may also be relevant that in Experiment 1 the “teacher” was the one who handed the props to toddlers during testing. Nielsen and Blank (2011) showed that preschoolers’ imitation of arbitrary actions depended on who handed the props to them; when the same person who demonstrated the action later gave them the apparatus, they were more likely to imitate. The current data do not address whether identifying and affiliating with the “teacher” in third-party contexts is more important than identifying and affiliating with the addressee (Nielsen, Moore, & Mohamedally, 2012). Future studies will need to manipulate characteristics of both participants in the third-party interaction.