The cylinders were hanged on Nylon wires and immersed in
the Erlenmeyer flasks (Fig. 1). This system facilitated easy withdrawal
of the immobilized yeasts and their reuse. A control
fermentation batch with free yeast cells was also performed; the
free cells were centrifuged at 5000 g and washed twice with
sterile distilled water at 4 C before their use in fermentation. 500-
mL Erlenmeyer flasks filled with 400 mL of raisin juice were inoculated
with 5 106 free viable cells of the yeast per millilitre or
with biocapsules reaching the same concentration of yeast cells.
The number of yeast cells in the biocapsule and fermentation broth
was measured according to García-Martínez et al. (2012).