Unstained controls and the following control antibodies were used: aCD4-APC-H7, aCD38-APC, aCD45RO-PE, and aHLA-DR-PE-Cy7. All of the antibodies were from BD Biosciences. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cell sam- ples were lysed with 100 lL of FACS lysing solution (BD Biosciences) to remove any remaining red blood cells. Then, the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline, stained for 30 min in the dark, washed again with phosphate-buffered saline, and resuspended in 1% paraformaldehyde