The list of challenges in higher education has increased and become more diverse in
nature. Various demands and opposing paradigms exist amongst administrators, students, and
faculty. Some view the university from a practical vocational point of view, where students
engage in pursuit of academic excellence for strictly occupational purposes, driven by
economic forces more than the pursuit of knowledge. Others view students as teachers, and 10
still others have a more traditional pedagogical approach to education where the professor is
the bearer of all knowledge. Yet still, some view the university as a center for innovative
research and discovery. Kerr (2001) discussed in detail these opposing or contrasting
allegiances of a university (pp. 1–34); he shared scholarly research over nearly half a decade
pertaining to the ever-changing university. With these contrasting views and complexities,
higher education leaders who have a better understanding of resilience and transformational
leadership may be poised to better lead.