Where ηn is the transport efficiency, Qsam is the sample flow rate (mL min−1), tdwell is the dwell time (ms per event), fNP is the average number of standard nanoparticle pulses (no. of pulses per event) and
N
ciency ηn can be calculated based on Eq. (1) if the number concentration of standard AuNPs is known. C is the analytical metallic calibration curve and the mass flux calibration curve W can be calculated based on Eq. (2). Spulse corresponds to the nanoparticle intensity, Sbkgd is the background intensity, fm is the mass fraction of analytical element (fm = 1 when the analytical element is Ag or Au) and m is the slope of mass flux calibration curve W. ηi is the particle ionization efficiency, and the ηi for silver and gold nanoparticle is 100% (Laborda et al., 2011). The ionization efficiency will need to be determined if the parti- cles are not ionized fully into the plasma. One way to detect the ioniza- tion efficiency ηi is to compare the mass concentration of acid-digested samples with the undigested ones. The nanoparticle mass mNP is calcu- lated based on Eq. (3). Assuming that nanoparticles are monodisperse and spherical, the diameter of the nanoparticle dNP (nm) can be deter- mined using the nanoparticle mass (Eq. (4)) where ρ is the particle den- sity (g/cm3).
NP
is the number concentration of nanoparticles. The transport effi-
Where ηn is the transport efficiency, Qsam is the sample flow rate (mL min−1), tdwell is the dwell time (ms per event), fNP is the average number of standard nanoparticle pulses (no. of pulses per event) andNciency ηn can be calculated based on Eq. (1) if the number concentration of standard AuNPs is known. C is the analytical metallic calibration curve and the mass flux calibration curve W can be calculated based on Eq. (2). Spulse corresponds to the nanoparticle intensity, Sbkgd is the background intensity, fm is the mass fraction of analytical element (fm = 1 when the analytical element is Ag or Au) and m is the slope of mass flux calibration curve W. ηi is the particle ionization efficiency, and the ηi for silver and gold nanoparticle is 100% (Laborda et al., 2011). The ionization efficiency will need to be determined if the parti- cles are not ionized fully into the plasma. One way to detect the ioniza- tion efficiency ηi is to compare the mass concentration of acid-digested samples with the undigested ones. The nanoparticle mass mNP is calcu- lated based on Eq. (3). Assuming that nanoparticles are monodisperse and spherical, the diameter of the nanoparticle dNP (nm) can be deter- mined using the nanoparticle mass (Eq. (4)) where ρ is the particle den- sity (g/cm3).NPis the number concentration of nanoparticles. The transport effi-
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