studied the effect of sonification of corn
meal slurry prior to direct conversion to ethanol. The results of this
research proved that sonification of raw material improved the
ethanol yield by ca. 20% in comparison to the control samples,
moreover the ethanol yield in sonificated samples was similar to
jet-cooked corn meal. The authors also conducted the economical
evaluation and energy usage for jet-cooking and ultrasonics installations
in industrial environments. They stated that the overall cost
for installation and maintenance for ultrasonic apparatus is lower
in comparison to hydrocooking, also the energy analysis proved
that much less energy is needed for sonification of raw material
than for jet cooking. Also microwave treatment improves enzymatic
hydrolysis of starch