This is a 9-point pictorial scale adapted from the SAM measure (Bradley & Lang, 1994). The authors designed the scale to be moderately correlated (r = 0.50) with a verbal sense of presence scale. A further study by Wissmath, Weibel, and Mast (2009) found that this measure involved less effort for participants and measured sense of presence more directly than a verbal measurement [(M = 2.10; SD = 0.98), F(1,158) = 9.60, p < 0.01]. This measure was selected because it is short, simple and fast.