CORTICOSTEROIDS
Treatment with corticosteroids remains controversial in themanagement of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It has no proven benefit, but isrecommended in some persons who do not respond to conservative treatment. Treatmentof children with nephrotic syndrome is different, and it is more clearly established thatchildren respond well to corticosteroid treatment. Family physicians should discuss withpatients and consulting nephrologists whether treatment with corticosteroids is advisable,weighing the uncertain benefits and possibility of adverse effects. Alkylating agents (e.g.,cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan]) also have weak evidence for improving disease remissionand reducing proteinuria, but may be considered for persons with severe or resistantdisease who do not respond to corticosteroids.
LIPID-LOWERING TREATMENT
A Cochrane review is underway to investigate thebenefits and harms of lipid-lowering agents in nephrotic syndrome. Some evidencesuggests an increased risk of athero-genesis or myocardial infarction in persons withnephrotic syndrome, possibly related to increased lipid levels. However, the role of treatment for increased lipids is unknown and, at present, the decision to start lipid-lowering therapy in persons with nephrotic syndrome should be made on the same basisas in other patients.
ANTIBIOTICS
There are no data from prospective clinical trials about treatment andprevention of infection in adults with nephrotic syndrome. Given the uncertain risks of infection in adults with nephrotic syndrome in the United States, there are currently noindications for antibiotics or other interventions to prevent infection in this population.Persons who are appropriate candidates should receive pneumococcal vaccination.
ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY
There are currently no recommendations for prophylacticanticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic events in persons with nephrotic syndromewho have not had previous thrombotic events, and clinical practice varies. A Cochranereview is in process. Physicians should remain alert for signs or symptoms suggestingthromboembolism and, if it is diagnosed, these events should be treated as in otherpatients. Persons who are otherwise at high risk of thromboembolism (e.g., based onprevious events, known coag-ulopathy) should be considered for prophy-lacticanticoagulation while they have active nephrotic syndrome.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
•
Assess and document the location and character of the patient's edema.
•
Weigh the patient each morning after he voids and before he eats, make sure he'swearing the same amount of clothing each time you weigh him.
•
Measure blood pressure with the patient lying down and standing. Immediatelyreport a decrease in systolic or diastolic pressure exceeding 20 mm Hg.
•
Monitor intake and output
•
Ask the dietitian to plan a low-sodium diet with moderate amounts of protein.
•
Frequently check urine for protein
•
Provide meticulous skin care to combat the edema that usually occurs withnephrotic syndrome
•
Use a reduced-pressure mattress or padding to help prevent pressure ulcers.
•
To prevent the occurrence of thrombophlebitis, encourage activity and exercise
CORTICOSTEROIDSTreatment with corticosteroids remains controversial in themanagement of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It has no proven benefit, but isrecommended in some persons who do not respond to conservative treatment. Treatmentof children with nephrotic syndrome is different, and it is more clearly established thatchildren respond well to corticosteroid treatment. Family physicians should discuss withpatients and consulting nephrologists whether treatment with corticosteroids is advisable,weighing the uncertain benefits and possibility of adverse effects. Alkylating agents (e.g.,cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan]) also have weak evidence for improving disease remissionand reducing proteinuria, but may be considered for persons with severe or resistantdisease who do not respond to corticosteroids.LIPID-LOWERING TREATMENTA Cochrane review is underway to investigate thebenefits and harms of lipid-lowering agents in nephrotic syndrome. Some evidencesuggests an increased risk of athero-genesis or myocardial infarction in persons withnephrotic syndrome, possibly related to increased lipid levels. However, the role of treatment for increased lipids is unknown and, at present, the decision to start lipid-lowering therapy in persons with nephrotic syndrome should be made on the same basisas in other patients.ANTIBIOTICSThere are no data from prospective clinical trials about treatment andprevention of infection in adults with nephrotic syndrome. Given the uncertain risks of infection in adults with nephrotic syndrome in the United States, there are currently noindications for antibiotics or other interventions to prevent infection in this population.Persons who are appropriate candidates should receive pneumococcal vaccination.ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY There are currently no recommendations for prophylacticanticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic events in persons with nephrotic syndromewho have not had previous thrombotic events, and clinical practice varies. A Cochranereview is in process. Physicians should remain alert for signs or symptoms suggestingthromboembolism and, if it is diagnosed, these events should be treated as in otherpatients. Persons who are otherwise at high risk of thromboembolism (e.g., based onprevious events, known coag-ulopathy) should be considered for prophy-lacticanticoagulation while they have active nephrotic syndrome.NURSING MANAGEMENT•Assess and document the location and character of the patient's edema.•Weigh the patient each morning after he voids and before he eats, make sure he'swearing the same amount of clothing each time you weigh him.•Measure blood pressure with the patient lying down and standing. Immediatelyreport a decrease in systolic or diastolic pressure exceeding 20 mm Hg.•Monitor intake and output•Ask the dietitian to plan a low-sodium diet with moderate amounts of protein.•Frequently check urine for protein•Provide meticulous skin care to combat the edema that usually occurs withnephrotic syndrome•Use a reduced-pressure mattress or padding to help prevent pressure ulcers.• To prevent the occurrence of thrombophlebitis, encourage activity and exercise
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