japan has many successful entrepreneurs, because it considers employees the most important resource of business. employees are involved in planning, decision-making and implementation. top management allows them to participate actively-within their areas of competence-in the vital aspects of the business. through this approach, it is much easier to implement programs or projects. this is planning from below or participative management. a former president of a poor country said, "planning from the top is planning for the top." obviously, such kind of planning is not only undemocratic, but also ignores the rights and capabilities of people.