We examine the global equity supply chains of U.S. multinationals to explore how tax and
nontax country characteristics affect whether firms use foreign holding companies and
where they locate them. We find that U.S. multinationals supply equity from headquarters
to their foreign operating companies through foreign holding companies located in
countries that lightly tax equity distributions. We also find that foreign holding companies
tend to be located in countries with less corruption and investment risk than the countries
in which the operating companies they own are located. In addition, we provide empirical
evidence that the Netherlands, a well-known location for international tax planning, is a
particularly popular site for foreign equity holding companies. Our findings contribute to a
nascent literature that examines ownership chains in multinational companies and a
larger literature on subsidiary location decisions for multinationals. The findings also
provide empirical evidence that could be useful to governments in developed countries as
they attempt to reform international tax policy