Flocculation of filler particles at rubber curing temperatures
may provide an estimate of filler networking that exist in the cured
system. An idea about the filler networking can be gleaned from
dynamic mechanical properties, such as storage modulus and loss
tangent, of uncured compounds containing hybrid fillers. Note that
these properties also influence the value of rolling resistance. In
this context, the differences in flocculation behavior of hybrid fillers
and carbon black were captured from dynamic mechanical
properties.
The filler flocculation behavior was studied using an advanced
polymer analyzer (model APA 2000, Alpha Technologies, Akron,
OH) based on the procedure described by St€ockelhuber et al. [24].
The influence of pre-existing randomly flocculated structures in the
rubber compound was eliminated before starting the measurements
by subjecting the rubber compounds to 25% strain for 5 min.
The value of storage modulus at 1% strainwas then recorded for two
hours. This was followed by a strain-sweep experiment from 1% to
70% strain to evaluate the Payne effect. The measurements were
carried out at the curing temperature of the rubber compounds i.e.
at 160 C using shear deformation. In view of this, the storage
modulus data of filler flocculation experiments are represented by
the symbol G0.
Flocculation of filler particles at rubber curing temperatures
may provide an estimate of filler networking that exist in the cured
system. An idea about the filler networking can be gleaned from
dynamic mechanical properties, such as storage modulus and loss
tangent, of uncured compounds containing hybrid fillers. Note that
these properties also influence the value of rolling resistance. In
this context, the differences in flocculation behavior of hybrid fillers
and carbon black were captured from dynamic mechanical
properties.
The filler flocculation behavior was studied using an advanced
polymer analyzer (model APA 2000, Alpha Technologies, Akron,
OH) based on the procedure described by St€ockelhuber et al. [24].
The influence of pre-existing randomly flocculated structures in the
rubber compound was eliminated before starting the measurements
by subjecting the rubber compounds to 25% strain for 5 min.
The value of storage modulus at 1% strainwas then recorded for two
hours. This was followed by a strain-sweep experiment from 1% to
70% strain to evaluate the Payne effect. The measurements were
carried out at the curing temperature of the rubber compounds i.e.
at 160 C using shear deformation. In view of this, the storage
modulus data of filler flocculation experiments are represented by
the symbol G0.
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