The efficient monitoring of water resources is fundamental for effective
management of water quality and aquatic ecosystems due to the
issue of water quantity versus quality (Bae et al., 2012). The first stage
in sustainable ecosystem management is the detection of disturbance,
such as toxicants, in the target ecosystem. In the early stages of ecosystem
monitoring, spot sampling tends to be used for evaluating environmental
conditions by measuring a range of physicochemical factors,
such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand.
With advances in both computer hardware and software along with
information and communication technologies, real-time monitoring