Consider the pth pair of chromosomes of two individuals Ii and Ij
belonging to the population {I1, I2, . . . , Ip} and randomly draw one
chromosome of Ii and one chromosome of Ij in this pair. The probability
that these two chromosomes are identical (that of a common
ancestor) is called the kinship coefficient. For example, the
kinship coefficient of two brothers is equal to 0.25 and the kinship
coefficient of two children Ii and Ij, from the couples of individuals
(A,B) and (A, C), respectively, is equal to 0.125. Now consider a population
of P individuals with known kinship coefficients between
each pair. One seeks to remove a group of d individuals of this population
to form a new population while minimizing the sum of the
average kinship of the two subpopulations formed. Denoting by kij
the kinship coefficient between individuals Ii and Ij, the mean kinship
of a population with P individuals is equal to
ð1=P2Þ
PPi
¼1
PPj
¼1kij. This problem is presented by Allen et al.
(2010) for the California condor, one of the largest birds in the
world. This species was highly endangered in 1985 as only a few
individuals remained in the wild. It was saved in extremis by captive
breeding and reintroduced into the wild successfully. Using
the Boolean variable xi that is equal to 1 iff the individual Ii is taken
from the original population, Allen et al. (2010) formulate the
problem by the quadratic program in 0–1 variables
Consider the pth pair of chromosomes of two individuals Ii and Ijbelonging to the population {I1, I2, . . . , Ip} and randomly draw onechromosome of Ii and one chromosome of Ij in this pair. The probabilitythat these two chromosomes are identical (that of a commonancestor) is called the kinship coefficient. For example, thekinship coefficient of two brothers is equal to 0.25 and the kinshipcoefficient of two children Ii and Ij, from the couples of individuals(A,B) and (A, C), respectively, is equal to 0.125. Now consider a populationof P individuals with known kinship coefficients betweeneach pair. One seeks to remove a group of d individuals of this populationto form a new population while minimizing the sum of theaverage kinship of the two subpopulations formed. Denoting by kijthe kinship coefficient between individuals Ii and Ij, the mean kinshipof a population with P individuals is equal toð1=P2ÞPPi¼1PPj¼1kij. This problem is presented by Allen et al.(2010) for the California condor, one of the largest birds in theworld. This species was highly endangered in 1985 as only a fewindividuals remained in the wild. It was saved in extremis by captivebreeding and reintroduced into the wild successfully. Usingthe Boolean variable xi that is equal to 1 iff the individual Ii is takenfrom the original population, Allen et al. (2010) formulate theproblem by the quadratic program in 0–1 variables
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Consider the pth pair of chromosomes of two individuals Ii and Ij
belonging to the population {I1, I2, . . . , Ip} and randomly draw one
chromosome of Ii and one chromosome of Ij in this pair. The probability
that these two chromosomes are identical (that of a common
ancestor) is called the kinship coefficient. For example, the
kinship coefficient of two brothers is equal to 0.25 and the kinship
coefficient of two children Ii and Ij, from the couples of individuals
(A,B) and (A, C), respectively, is equal to 0.125. Now consider a population
of P individuals with known kinship coefficients between
each pair. One seeks to remove a group of d individuals of this population
to form a new population while minimizing the sum of the
average kinship of the two subpopulations formed. Denoting by kij
the kinship coefficient between individuals Ii and Ij, the mean kinship
of a population with P individuals is equal to
ð1=P2Þ
PPi
¼1
PPj
¼1kij. This problem is presented by Allen et al.
(2010) for the California condor, one of the largest birds in the
world. This species was highly endangered in 1985 as only a few
individuals remained in the wild. It was saved in extremis by captive
breeding and reintroduced into the wild successfully. Using
the Boolean variable xi that is equal to 1 iff the individual Ii is taken
from the original population, Allen et al. (2010) formulate the
problem by the quadratic program in 0–1 variables
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