In the case of the first factor, items that were designed to be conceptually
related to instrumental motivation, intrinsic process motivation, goal internalization,
and external self-concept motivation are all found together.4
Given the proposed conceptual independence of factors presented in
Leonard et al.’s (1999) meta-theory, a combination of statements professed
to measure four of the five motivational concepts represents a considerable
weakness in the use of the instrument for the current sample