Formative referents. The question to measure formative ref- erents was adapted from a previous cross-generational study (Noble and Schewe 2003) and reworded to ask, “Thinking about when you were growing up (i.e., aged 14-20 years), how important are the factors below to your attitude towards holidays in Australia today?” Owing to the absence of mea- sures for this construct, an eight-item scale was generated from the focus group analysis to measure formative influ- ences on travel decision making, according to the approach proposed by Churchill (1979). Analysis of the focus group transcripts revealed three key micro and five key macro for- mative influences on present-day travel decision making. The three micro or personal-level influences included friends, family, and religious affiliations. For example, respondents were asked, “My family’s values when I was growing up influence my attitude toward domestic holidays today.” The five macro or societal-level influences included socioeco- nomic circumstances, education opportunities, employment opportunities, the economy, and society’s values. For exam- ple, “The economy when I was growing up influence my atti- tude toward domestic holidays today.”