2.1. Types of bullying
In an earlier overview of research, Rayner and Ho¨el (1997) grouped workplace bullying
behaviors into the following types:
threat to professional status (e.g., belittling opinion, public professional humiliation, and
accusation regarding lack of effort);
threat to personal standing (e.g., name-calling, insults, intimidation, and devaluing with
reference to age);
isolation (e.g., preventing access to opportunities, physical or social isolation, and
withholding of information);
overwork (e.g., undue pressure, impossible deadlines, and unnecessary disruptions)
destabilization (e.g., failure to give credit when due, meaningless tasks, removal of
responsibility, repeated reminders of blunders, and setting up to fail).