The composition of the surface films was analyzed by
performing a detailed curve fitting of the XPS spectra for all the
samples. Figure 2c,d shows typical curve fittings of Cr 2p3/2
and Fe 2p3/2 spectra for the 5 min treated sample. Chromium
gave three distinguishable peaks at 575.5, 576.6, and 578.1 eV.
The peak at 575.5 eV (blue curve in Figure 2c) corresponds to
the CrN due to the absorbed nitrogen from the atmosphere. The
peak at 578.1 eV (magenta curve in Figure 2c) corresponds to
the Cr6+ state of chromium. The dominant peak is contributed
by the Cr3+ located at 576.6 eV (Figure 2c). For the Fe 2p3/2
spectra, there is a small peak at 709.3 eV (blue curve in Figure
2d) corresponding to the Fe2+ state of iron, and the dominant
peak at 710.7 eV corresponds to the Fe3+ state (red dashed curve
in Figure 2d). Another developed predominant peak at 711.0 eV
was observed as the sample treatment time was increased that
also corresponded to the Fe3+ state (red dotted curve in Figure
2d). The summary of the dominant peaks of Cr 2p3/2, Fe 2p3/2,
and O 1s spectra (spectra not shown) for all the samples is
tabulated in Table 2. This reveals that, out of all the compounds
of chromium, Cr2O3 is the prevailing oxide present on the surfaces.
Similarly, Fe2O3 is the dominant compound of iron present on
the surfaces of the acid-treated samples. The presence of oxygen
peaks at 530.1 ( 0.1 eV gave additional confirmation for the
existence of either Cr2O3 and/or Fe2O3.
21 All the peak positions
closely matched the standard results in the Handbook of X-ray
Photoelectron Spectroscopy.26
The composition of the surface films was analyzed byperforming a detailed curve fitting of the XPS spectra for all thesamples. Figure 2c,d shows typical curve fittings of Cr 2p3/2and Fe 2p3/2 spectra for the 5 min treated sample. Chromiumgave three distinguishable peaks at 575.5, 576.6, and 578.1 eV.The peak at 575.5 eV (blue curve in Figure 2c) corresponds tothe CrN due to the absorbed nitrogen from the atmosphere. Thepeak at 578.1 eV (magenta curve in Figure 2c) corresponds tothe Cr6+ state of chromium. The dominant peak is contributedby the Cr3+ located at 576.6 eV (Figure 2c). For the Fe 2p3/2spectra, there is a small peak at 709.3 eV (blue curve in Figure2d) corresponding to the Fe2+ state of iron, and the dominantpeak at 710.7 eV corresponds to the Fe3+ state (red dashed curvein Figure 2d). Another developed predominant peak at 711.0 eVwas observed as the sample treatment time was increased thatalso corresponded to the Fe3+ state (red dotted curve in Figure2d). The summary of the dominant peaks of Cr 2p3/2, Fe 2p3/2,and O 1s spectra (spectra not shown) for all the samples istabulated in Table 2. This reveals that, out of all the compoundsof chromium, Cr2O3 is the prevailing oxide present on the surfaces.Similarly, Fe2O3 is the dominant compound of iron present onthe surfaces of the acid-treated samples. The presence of oxygenpeaks at 530.1 ( 0.1 eV gave additional confirmation for theexistence of either Cr2O3 and/or Fe2O3.21 All the peak positionsclosely matched the standard results in the Handbook of X-rayPhotoelectron Spectroscopy.26
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