OMVs from V. cholerae were used to immunize female
mice by intranasal, intraperitoneal, and intragastric routes.
Immunoglobulin A was induced to a significant level
only by mucosal immunization, while the intranasal route
induced the highest antibodies titers. The offspring of
female mice immunized orally with V. cholerae OMVs
were protected against the challenge with live V. cholerae
(Schild et al. 2008). More recently, it has been observed
that immunization using OMVs significantly reduced colonization
of neonatal mice challenged with hyperinfectious
V. cholerae strain