In general each sub-carrier in an OFDM signal is modulated using M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). Thus
proper phase shift of each element should be estimated and compensated for before demodulation. This generally requires
specific conditions on the channel characteristics like fast fading where pilot tones are used for channel estimation or slow
fading where most methods would require multiple symbols in seeking similar channel responses (i.e.. similar transfer
functions) [23] and [24].