When
governance-beyond-the-state involves processes
of ‘jumping scales’ (Smith, 1984)—
that means the transfer of policy domains to
sub-national or transnational forms of governance—the
choreography of actors changes
as well. As Hajer (2003a, p. 179) contends,
scale jumping is a vital strategy to gain
power or influence in a multiscalar relational
organisation of networks of governance. For
example, where national urban policy increasingly
replaced ‘local public–private partnerships’,
the types of social actor and their
positions within the geometries of power
changed as well