The Great Vowel Shift gave rise to many of the oddities of English pronunciation, and now obscures the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts. The spellings of some words changed to reflect the change in pronunciation (e.g. stone from stan, rope from rap, dark from derk, barn from bern, heart from herte, etc), but most did not. In some cases, two separate forms with different meaning continued (e.g. parson, which is the old pronunciation of person). The effects of the vowel shift generally occurred earlier, and were more pronounced, in the south, and some northern words like uncouth and dour still retain their pre-vowel shift pronunciation (“uncooth” and “door” rather than “uncowth” and “dowr”). Busy has kept its old West Midlands spelling, but an East Midlands/London pronunciation; bury has a West Midlands spelling but a Kentish pronunciation. It is also due to irregularities and regional variations in the vowel shift that we have ended up with inconsistencies in pronunciation such as food (as compared to good, stood, blood, etc) and roof (which still has variable pronunciation), and the different pronunciations of the “o” in shove, move, hove, etc.
SOUND CLIP
Great Vowel Shift pronunciation changes (35 sec)
(from National Science Foundation)
Click here for transcript
Other changes in spelling and pronunciation also occurred during this period. The Old English consonant X - technically a “voiceless velar fricative”, pronounced as in the “ch” of loch or Bach - disappeared from English, and the Old English word burX (place), for example, was replaced with “-burgh”, “-borough”, “-brough” or “-bury” in many place names. In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an “f” (e.g. laugh, cough). Many other consonants ceased to be pronounced at all (e.g. the final “b” in words like dumb and comb; the “l” between some vowels and consonants such as half, walk, talk and folk; the initial “k” or “g” in words like knee, knight, gnaw and gnat; etc). As late as the 18th Century, the “r” after a vowel gradually lost its force, although the “r” before a vowel remained unchanged (e.g. render, terror, etc), unlike in American usage where the “r” is fully pronounced.
So, while modern English speakers can read Chaucer’s Middle English (with some difficulty admittedly), Chaucer’s pronunciation would have been almost completely unintelligible to the modern ear. The English of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the late 16th and early 17th Century, on the other hand, would be accented, but quite understandable, and it has much more in common with our language today than it does with the language of Chaucer. Even in Shakespeare’s time, though, and probably for quite some time afterwards, short vowels were almost interchangeable (e.g. not was often pronounced, and even written, as nat, when as whan, etc), and the pronunciation of words like boiled as “byled”, join as “jine”, poison as “pison”, merchant as “marchant”, certain as “sartin”, person as “parson”, heard as “hard”, speak as “spake”, work as “wark”, etc, continued well into the 19th Century. We retain even today the old pronunciations of a few words like derby and clerk (as “darby” and “clark”), and place names like Berkeley and Berkshire (as “Barkley” and “Barkshire”), except in America where more phonetic pronunciations were adopted.
กะสระดีก่อให้เกิดของแปลกประหลาดออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษ และ obscures ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างภาษาอังกฤษหลายคำและคู่ของพวกเขาต่างประเทศตอนนี้ คำบางคำสะกดคำเปลี่ยนแปลงการเปลี่ยนแปลงในการออกเสียง (เช่นจากหินโทษ เชือกจากแร็ป มืดจาก derk ยุ้งข้าวจากเบิร์น หัวใจจาก herte ฯลฯ), แต่ส่วนใหญ่ไม่ ในบางกรณี สองรูปแบบที่แยก มีความหมายแตกต่างกันอย่างต่อเนื่อง (เช่น parson ซึ่งเป็นการออกเสียงคนเก่า) ผลของการสระโดยทั่วไปเกิดขึ้นก่อนหน้านี้ และที่ ว่า ใต้ และบางคำทางเหนือเช่นซุ่มซ่าม และดื้อดึงยังคงรักษาการออกเสียงสระก่อนกะ ("uncooth" และ "ประตู" แทน "uncowth" และ "dowr") ไม่ได้เก็บของเวสต์มิดแลนด์เก่าสะกด แต่ออกเสียงเป็นปาย/ลอนดอน บูรีมีเวสต์มิดแลนด์สสะกดแต่ออกเสียงเป็น Kentish ก็เนื่องจากความผิดปกติและการเปลี่ยนแปลงภูมิภาคกะสระที่เราได้สิ้นสุดกับไม่สอดคล้องกันในการออกเสียงเช่นอาหาร (เมื่อเทียบกับเลือดดี ยืน ฯลฯ) และหลังคา (ซึ่งยัง มีตัวแปรการออกเสียง), และออกเสียงแตกต่างกันของ "o" ในผลัก ย้าย hove ฯลฯคลิปเสียง เปลี่ยนแปลงออกเสียงกะสระดี (35 วินาที)(จากมูลนิธิวิทยาศาสตร์แห่งชาติ)คลิกที่นี่สำหรับรายละเอียดOther changes in spelling and pronunciation also occurred during this period. The Old English consonant X - technically a “voiceless velar fricative”, pronounced as in the “ch” of loch or Bach - disappeared from English, and the Old English word burX (place), for example, was replaced with “-burgh”, “-borough”, “-brough” or “-bury” in many place names. In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an “f” (e.g. laugh, cough). Many other consonants ceased to be pronounced at all (e.g. the final “b” in words like dumb and comb; the “l” between some vowels and consonants such as half, walk, talk and folk; the initial “k” or “g” in words like knee, knight, gnaw and gnat; etc). As late as the 18th Century, the “r” after a vowel gradually lost its force, although the “r” before a vowel remained unchanged (e.g. render, terror, etc), unlike in American usage where the “r” is fully pronounced.So, while modern English speakers can read Chaucer’s Middle English (with some difficulty admittedly), Chaucer’s pronunciation would have been almost completely unintelligible to the modern ear. The English of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the late 16th and early 17th Century, on the other hand, would be accented, but quite understandable, and it has much more in common with our language today than it does with the language of Chaucer. Even in Shakespeare’s time, though, and probably for quite some time afterwards, short vowels were almost interchangeable (e.g. not was often pronounced, and even written, as nat, when as whan, etc), and the pronunciation of words like boiled as “byled”, join as “jine”, poison as “pison”, merchant as “marchant”, certain as “sartin”, person as “parson”, heard as “hard”, speak as “spake”, work as “wark”, etc, continued well into the 19th Century. We retain even today the old pronunciations of a few words like derby and clerk (as “darby” and “clark”), and place names like Berkeley and Berkshire (as “Barkley” and “Barkshire”), except in America where more phonetic pronunciations were adopted.
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