Authentication of pure honey is of primary importance for both consumers and honey processors. Additionally, honey processors do not wish to be subjected to unfair competition from unscrupulous processors who would gain an economic advantage by misrepresenting the honey they are selling.
Honey adulteration appeared on the world market in the 1970s when high-fructose corn syrup was introduced by the industry. As the sugars (60.7–77.8%) are the major components of honey and the most dominant are the monosaccharides fructose and glucose (accounting for 85–95%), the actual proportion of glucose to fructose in any particular honey depends largely on the source of the nectar. The average ratio of fructose to glucose is 1.2:1. The amount of glucose in honey is usually at a supersaturated level at normal temperatures. With reduction in temperature or water content, the glucose can crystallize out. Saccharose (sucrose) is present in honey at approximately 1% of its dry weight. Normally, honey contains 12.4–24.5% moisture. Unless the moisture content is below 17%, no fermentation takes place.
The processing of honey includes controlled heating to destroy yeast and dissolve dextrose crystals, combined with fine straining or pressure filtration. Most honey will crystallize during some period of time unless action is taken to prevent it. Generally, when honey is stored below 10 °C, crystallization can be prevented or delayed.
Honey is usually warmed to a temperature of 32±40 °C to lower its viscosity, which facilitates extraction, straining or filtration. This temperature is similar to that in beehives and does not affect the honey very much during the relatively short processing period. However, some honeys are heated to a higher temperature for liquefaction or pasteurization reasons.
Authentication of pure honey is of primary importance for both consumers and honey processors. Additionally, honey processors do not wish to be subjected to unfair competition from unscrupulous processors who would gain an economic advantage by misrepresenting the honey they are selling.Honey adulteration appeared on the world market in the 1970s when high-fructose corn syrup was introduced by the industry. As the sugars (60.7–77.8%) are the major components of honey and the most dominant are the monosaccharides fructose and glucose (accounting for 85–95%), the actual proportion of glucose to fructose in any particular honey depends largely on the source of the nectar. The average ratio of fructose to glucose is 1.2:1. The amount of glucose in honey is usually at a supersaturated level at normal temperatures. With reduction in temperature or water content, the glucose can crystallize out. Saccharose (sucrose) is present in honey at approximately 1% of its dry weight. Normally, honey contains 12.4–24.5% moisture. Unless the moisture content is below 17%, no fermentation takes place.The processing of honey includes controlled heating to destroy yeast and dissolve dextrose crystals, combined with fine straining or pressure filtration. Most honey will crystallize during some period of time unless action is taken to prevent it. Generally, when honey is stored below 10 °C, crystallization can be prevented or delayed.Honey is usually warmed to a temperature of 32±40 °C to lower its viscosity, which facilitates extraction, straining or filtration. This temperature is similar to that in beehives and does not affect the honey very much during the relatively short processing period. However, some honeys are heated to a higher temperature for liquefaction or pasteurization reasons.
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