The character of political problems and subject matters is
well indicated in the application of these three analyses to the
six kinds of states. All six are treated in the first analysis, but
since it is directed to the differentiation of good and bad and
since it culminates in the consideration of the best state, emphasis
is laid particularly on aristocracy and monarchy among the customary six states. It is unnecessary, since monarchy
and aristocracy are good without qualification, to take them
up again in the second consideration of states which are the
best under particular circumstances, and they are therefore
omitted in the second analysis, while the remaining four are
treated in detail.53 The claims of polity and tyranny to consideration,
however, are entirely due to their defensibility, in
so far as they are defensible, under the press of particular situations,
for they are not truly constitutions, polity being a fusion
of oligarchy and democracy, and tyranny being either indistinguishable
from monarchy or no form of government.54 They
have no place, therefore, in the consideration of what is best in
states in general, which depends on formal perfections of organization
in the state treated so far as possible apart from any
consideration of occasional outstanding virtues or possible degradations
of citizens. Only two kinds of states-democracies
and oligarchies-remain for consideration under this third head,
and they are treated, not in terms of ends or in terms of distinctions
in classes of citizens, but in terms of common qualities
shared by citizens and in terms of proportions in the exercise
of the three functions of the state.
The character of political problems and subject matters iswell indicated in the application of these three analyses to thesix kinds of states. All six are treated in the first analysis, butsince it is directed to the differentiation of good and bad andsince it culminates in the consideration of the best state, emphasisis laid particularly on aristocracy and monarchy among the customary six states. It is unnecessary, since monarchyand aristocracy are good without qualification, to take themup again in the second consideration of states which are thebest under particular circumstances, and they are thereforeomitted in the second analysis, while the remaining four aretreated in detail.53 The claims of polity and tyranny to consideration,however, are entirely due to their defensibility, inso far as they are defensible, under the press of particular situations,for they are not truly constitutions, polity being a fusionof oligarchy and democracy, and tyranny being either indistinguishablefrom monarchy or no form of government.54 Theyhave no place, therefore, in the consideration of what is best instates in general, which depends on formal perfections of organizationin the state treated so far as possible apart from anyconsideration of occasional outstanding virtues or possible degradationsof citizens. Only two kinds of states-democraciesand oligarchies-remain for consideration under this third head,and they are treated, not in terms of ends or in terms of distinctions
in classes of citizens, but in terms of common qualities
shared by citizens and in terms of proportions in the exercise
of the three functions of the state.
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