E-skills
The ICT Development Model requires e-skills be applied more broadly, as any study of
digital literacy for people, enterprises and regions is not just about the foundation skills
required to use information technology and the Internet (so-called end-user skills, Bowles
2009a; Bowles & Wilson 2010; Smith & Anderson 2010). Study of e-skill must also address
adoption and use of technology by people competent in an existing role who are seeking to
enhance their productivity or to plan and manage business adoption or innovation at a
strategic level. Skills at all levels deliver the digital literacy necessary to ensure that people
across all industries, occupations, sectors of the economy and locations can equitably
participate in the Digital Economy (digital inclusion).