The measurement of fluorescence in this study was
performed with FFFS. While the use of fluorescence to
monitor food quality has been around for than 60 years
(Thistle, Pearce, & Gibbons, 1943), the use of FFFS in
food applications has been a recent development. This
method developed by Parker (1968) changes the fluorescence
incidence angle from 901 to 561, eliminating the need
for sample preparation, i.e. a liquid or solid food can be
put directly in the cell. In the recent utilization of FFFS for
food research, Kulmyrzaev and Dufour (2002) used FFFS
to correlate fluorescence with levels of furosine and
lactulose (Maillard indicators) in UHT milk. FFFS has
been recently shown to be well correlated with measuring
HMF in milk as an indicator of Maillard browning
(Schamberger & Labuza, 2006). Since FFFS does not
The measurement of fluorescence in this study was
performed with FFFS. While the use of fluorescence to
monitor food quality has been around for than 60 years
(Thistle, Pearce, & Gibbons, 1943), the use of FFFS in
food applications has been a recent development. This
method developed by Parker (1968) changes the fluorescence
incidence angle from 901 to 561, eliminating the need
for sample preparation, i.e. a liquid or solid food can be
put directly in the cell. In the recent utilization of FFFS for
food research, Kulmyrzaev and Dufour (2002) used FFFS
to correlate fluorescence with levels of furosine and
lactulose (Maillard indicators) in UHT milk. FFFS has
been recently shown to be well correlated with measuring
HMF in milk as an indicator of Maillard browning
(Schamberger & Labuza, 2006). Since FFFS does not
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