5. Conclusions
This preliminary research in UK riders found encouragingly high
levels
of PPE use, identifying explanatory theoretical variables and
a
disapproval of related legislation proposals. The TPB concept of
PBC
was removed following factor analysis. Subsequent extended
Theories
of Reasoned Action explained greater behavioural variance
than the traditional theory alone, suggesting the importance of
additional
factors. Selected demographics including being female,
not
holding a car licence and urban riding were only significantly
associated
with increased non-PPE wear.
Although
providing a provisional research basis, confirmatory
studies
should now be performed to provide larger-scale evidence
for
future targeted uptake interventions. Qualitative research in
riders
of various demographics would provide more detail into
the
PPE attitudes and experiences of riders themselves: extending
insightful
comments found here. Subsequent extensive research
using
different recruitment techniques will enable behaviour modelling
from a wider sample.
Results
of this study and future research should be used to tailor
4.1. Limitations
Although respondents may indicate safety wear use, it may
not
be sufficiently protective. With potentially poorly protective
second-hand
wear easily available (Think! 2010), this research
cannot
quantify quality of clothing reportedly used. There is an
evident
need
to
revise this questionnaire in subsequent research.
Various
attitudes indicated during pre-questionnaire belief
elicitation
did
not
attain
suitable results for post-PCA analysis,
despite
being commonly mentioned in later comments. Accordingly,
face
validity
confirmation by a target-population pilot group
may
have assisted with questionnaire and construct refinement
(
Fishbein
and Ajzen, 2010). Also, selected constructs such as
PBC
were measured with minimal items to reduce questionnaire
length,
potentially contributing to their exclusion in later analysis
(
Field, 2009). The use of participant self-sampling via online motorcycle
forums may have attracted riders with strong views on the
topic
(Wantland et al., 2004). Inclusion of an arguably passionate
motorcycling
community may have contributed to skewed results
towards
PPE use. Findings cannot be generalised to the wider
population
due to heterogeneous demographics and a relatively
modest
sample size. However, the use of an online questionnaire
method
enabled reach of a diverse sample population for this
exploratory
research (Wright, 2005).
5. ConclusionsThis preliminary research in UK riders found encouragingly highlevels of PPE use, identifying explanatory theoretical variables anda disapproval of related legislation proposals. The TPB concept ofPBC was removed following factor analysis. Subsequent extendedTheories of Reasoned Action explained greater behavioural variancethan the traditional theory alone, suggesting the importance ofadditional factors. Selected demographics including being female,not holding a car licence and urban riding were only significantlyassociated with increased non-PPE wear.Although providing a provisional research basis, confirmatorystudies should now be performed to provide larger-scale evidencefor future targeted uptake interventions. Qualitative research inriders of various demographics would provide more detail intothe PPE attitudes and experiences of riders themselves: extendinginsightful comments found here. Subsequent extensive researchusing different recruitment techniques will enable behaviour modellingfrom a wider sample.Results of this study and future research should be used to tailor4.1. LimitationsAlthough respondents may indicate safety wear use, it maynot be sufficiently protective. With potentially poorly protectivesecond-hand wear easily available (Think! 2010), this researchcannot quantify quality of clothing reportedly used. There is anevident need to revise this questionnaire in subsequent research.Various attitudes indicated during pre-questionnaire beliefelicitation did not attain suitable results for post-PCA analysis,despite being commonly mentioned in later comments. Accordingly,face validity confirmation by a target-population pilot groupmay have assisted with questionnaire and construct refinement(Fishbein and Ajzen, 2010). Also, selected constructs such asPBC were measured with minimal items to reduce questionnairelength, potentially contributing to their exclusion in later analysis(Field, 2009). The use of participant self-sampling via online motorcycleforums may have attracted riders with strong views on thetopic (Wantland et al., 2004). Inclusion of an arguably passionatemotorcycling community may have contributed to skewed resultstowards PPE use. Findings cannot be generalised to the widerpopulation due to heterogeneous demographics and a relativelymodest sample size. However, the use of an online questionnairemethod enabled reach of a diverse sample population for thisexploratory research (Wright, 2005).
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