stressed that local firms need to invest in their own learning and innovation capabilities to improve their own position within the GVCs. The notion that the onus is on the local firms to upgrade themselves within the chain rings a similar bell to the prescriptions from the subsidiary evolution literature that technological accumulation of local subsidiaries is the way to gain more mandates within the MNE networks. Surprisingly, suggestions from both lines of research focus on what local firms and subsidiaries can do only in their domestic market. Both seem to imply that the story ends once MNEs from developed economies set up local subsidiaries or form linkages with local firms in developing countries