Respiratory monitoring (Code 3350) is a NIC defined as
“collection and analysis of patient data to ensure airway patency
and adequate gas exchange”(2). Although oxygenation
and ventilation are similar terms, their meanings are distinct.
Ventilation refers to gas movement between the environment
and the pulmonary alveoli; oxygenation refers to the current
content of oxygen in the arterial blood, which is determined
by adequate ventilation and perfusion of the pulmonary capillary(16).
Hemoglobin values are important as an assessment
of patient’s oxygenation. Furthermore, signs such as cyanosis,
low venous oxygen saturation, rhythm, and respiratory sounds
are indispensable for the assessment of this system, and can
influence therapeutic decisions and the treatment plan(16).
Mechanical ventilation management: invasive (Code 3300) is
a NIC intervention defined as “assisting the patient receiving artificial
breathing support through a device inserted into the trachea”(2).
Ventilator management of children in most ICUs is often based
on arterial blood gas readings, along with corresponding measurements
of inspired oxygen concentration. However, adequate
functioning requires assessment of thoracic expansion, pulmonary
auscultation, and signals of respiratory effort (cyanosis, sudoresis,
nasal flaring and increased respiratory frequency). Patency of the
endotracheal tube must be assured through suctioning, as needed,
which can be assessed through pulmonary auscultation(7).
The NANDA-I ND, risk for infection (Code 00004) is defined
as “at risk for being invaded by pathogenic organisms”(1).
This patient’s open wound and multiple invasive procedures
indicated the appropriateness of this diagnosis. Bloodstream
and surgical wound infections in the postoperative period of
pediatric cardiac surgery exacerbate the symptoms of ineffective
breathing pattern, increase length of stay, morbidity, and
mortality(16,9). Nursing interventions related to this diagnosis
must therefore focus on epidemiological vigilance, i.e., surgical
wound monitoring, early identification of signs and symptoms,
reviewing laboratory exams, and use of aseptic and/or
sterile techniques for procedures to prevent infections(5).
Infection control (Code 6540) is a NIC defined as “minimizing
the acquisition and transmission of infectious agents”(2).
The NIC, infection protection (Code 6550), is defined as “prevention
and early detection of infection in a patient at risk”(2).
Among 6,314 patients with CHD after cardiac surgeries, aged
1 to 18 years, 197 had postoperative infections. Out of these,
three had more than one type of infection and the mortality
rate was 25.38% compared with 3.91% in patients without
infections(17). Moreover, children are susceptible to infections
due to immaturity of their immune system. Additionally, procedures,
such as mechanical ventilation, ECMO and venous
access minimize the protective barriers and making the children
more vulnerable to infectious processes. Therefore, permanent
actions that can prevent or minimize infections must
be ensured during hospitalization(18).
Of substantial concern was the lack of assessment data
available related to the NANDA-I ND, acute pain (code
00132)(1), of the child or a focus on its management. In patients
who are not able to communicate due to age, sedation,
or other causes, nurses must rely on objective measurements
of pain (e.g., respiratory rate and oxygenation changes, body
positioning or movement, facial changes)(15). A recent study
on pain in infants undergoing cardiac surgery(19) identified a
reduction in systemic systolic blood pressure and a rise in pulmonary
artery pressure during painful stimulation on the first
post-operative day. It is therefore critical that pain assessment
and pain management should be of primary importance in
postoperative cardiac infants.
Likewise, information was unavailable in the patient record
that could have provided relevant cues to social, environmental
or knowledge-related concerns or strengths that could impact
this patient positively or negatively in the intraoperative
and post-discharge periods. Although one might expect to see
fear, anxiety, parental/caregiver role strain, and other possible
diagnoses for this family, it is impossible for us to diagnose
what was not assessed. Nurses must not forget, within ICU
environments, the importance of holistic assessment and diagnosis
related to patients and their families, to improve outcomes
and prevent post-discharge complications.
Respiratory monitoring (Code 3350) is a NIC defined as“collection and analysis of patient data to ensure airway patencyand adequate gas exchange”(2). Although oxygenationand ventilation are similar terms, their meanings are distinct.Ventilation refers to gas movement between the environmentand the pulmonary alveoli; oxygenation refers to the currentcontent of oxygen in the arterial blood, which is determinedby adequate ventilation and perfusion of the pulmonary capillary(16).Hemoglobin values are important as an assessmentof patient’s oxygenation. Furthermore, signs such as cyanosis,low venous oxygen saturation, rhythm, and respiratory soundsare indispensable for the assessment of this system, and caninfluence therapeutic decisions and the treatment plan(16).Mechanical ventilation management: invasive (Code 3300) isa NIC intervention defined as “assisting the patient receiving artificialbreathing support through a device inserted into the trachea”(2).Ventilator management of children in most ICUs is often basedon arterial blood gas readings, along with corresponding measurementsof inspired oxygen concentration. However, adequatefunctioning requires assessment of thoracic expansion, pulmonaryauscultation, and signals of respiratory effort (cyanosis, sudoresis,nasal flaring and increased respiratory frequency). Patency of theendotracheal tube must be assured through suctioning, as needed,which can be assessed through pulmonary auscultation(7).The NANDA-I ND, risk for infection (Code 00004) is definedas “at risk for being invaded by pathogenic organisms”(1).This patient’s open wound and multiple invasive proceduresindicated the appropriateness of this diagnosis. Bloodstreamand surgical wound infections in the postoperative period ofpediatric cardiac surgery exacerbate the symptoms of ineffectivebreathing pattern, increase length of stay, morbidity, andmortality(16,9). Nursing interventions related to this diagnosismust therefore focus on epidemiological vigilance, i.e., surgicalwound monitoring, early identification of signs and symptoms,reviewing laboratory exams, and use of aseptic and/orsterile techniques for procedures to prevent infections(5).Infection control (Code 6540) is a NIC defined as “minimizingthe acquisition and transmission of infectious agents”(2).The NIC, infection protection (Code 6550), is defined as “preventionand early detection of infection in a patient at risk”(2).Among 6,314 patients with CHD after cardiac surgeries, aged1 to 18 years, 197 had postoperative infections. Out of these,three had more than one type of infection and the mortalityrate was 25.38% compared with 3.91% in patients withoutinfections(17). Moreover, children are susceptible to infectionsdue to immaturity of their immune system. Additionally, procedures,such as mechanical ventilation, ECMO and venousaccess minimize the protective barriers and making the childrenmore vulnerable to infectious processes. Therefore, permanentactions that can prevent or minimize infections mustbe ensured during hospitalization(18).Of substantial concern was the lack of assessment dataavailable related to the NANDA-I ND, acute pain (code00132)(1), of the child or a focus on its management. In patientswho are not able to communicate due to age, sedation,or other causes, nurses must rely on objective measurementsof pain (e.g., respiratory rate and oxygenation changes, bodypositioning or movement, facial changes)(15). A recent studyon pain in infants undergoing cardiac surgery(19) identified areduction in systemic systolic blood pressure and a rise in pulmonaryartery pressure during painful stimulation on the firstpost-operative day. It is therefore critical that pain assessmentand pain management should be of primary importance inpostoperative cardiac infants.Likewise, information was unavailable in the patient recordthat could have provided relevant cues to social, environmentalor knowledge-related concerns or strengths that could impactthis patient positively or negatively in the intraoperativeand post-discharge periods. Although one might expect to seefear, anxiety, parental/caregiver role strain, and other possiblediagnoses for this family, it is impossible for us to diagnosewhat was not assessed. Nurses must not forget, within ICUenvironments, the importance of holistic assessment and diagnosisrelated to patients and their families, to improve outcomesand prevent post-discharge complications.
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