Australia’s Future Tax System Review (Henry et al…2009) reports an estimate of $1.25 per dollar labour income tax revenue. In the case of healthcare costs funded through private health insurance, government regulations imposing community rating mean that the higher healthcare costs of alcoholics raise the break-even- insurance premiums not only for these higher-at-risk people, but also for the rest of the insured population. Drinkers at risk are estimated to make-up no more than a quarter of alcohol consumers, and those at high risk