Physical
Physical assessment should start with an assessment of blood pressure, with an appropriate size cuff, in both upper extremities. Brachial, femoral, and carotid pulses should be measured. A careful cardiovascular examination as well as a thorough neurologic examination, including mental status, should be conducted. This assessment should establish the degree of involvement of affected target organs and should provide clues to the possible existence of a secondary form of hypertension, such as renal vascular hypertension. If a secondary cause of hypertension is suspected, appropriate blood and urine samples should be obtained before aggressive therapy is initiated. A careful funduscopic examimation should be performed to detect hemorrhages, exudates, and/or papilledema.