by the authorities to restrain the boom are unlikely
to derail it altogether. By contrast, failure to act could
have much more damaging consequences, as the imbalances
unravel” (p. 26).They also argue that emerging
bubbles can be more readily identified if central banks
look beyond asset prices to include other variables
that signal a threat to financial stability. Specifically,
they find that episodes of sustained rapid credit expansion,
booming stock or house prices, and high levels
of investment, are almost always followed by periods
of stress in the financial system.
Empirical evidence
Clearly, economists have yet to reach a consensus on
whether central banks should react directly to asset
prices. But what do central banks actually do? Interestingly,
empirical evidence suggests that U.S. monetary
policy has reacted directly to the stock market during
the term of Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan.
Figure 1 plots an estimated Fed policy rule using
quarterly data over the period 1987:Q3 to 2003:Q3.
The estimated rule is constructed along the lines of
the well-known “Taylor rule.” Specifically, the quarterly
average federal funds rate is regressed on a constant
term, the inflation rate in the previous quarter (as
measured by the four-quarter percent change in the
GDP price index), and the output gap in the previous
quarter (as measured by the percent deviation of
real GDP from a fitted long-run trend).
Figure 2 adds the annualized percent change in the
S&P 500 stock index during the previous quarter to the
regression equation.The use of data from the previous
quarter helps ensure that the direction of causation
88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02
0
2
4
6
8
10
Actual
Fitted
Federal funds rate (percent)
Figure 1
Fitted versus actual federal funds rate
without stock market variable
by the authorities to restrain the boom are unlikely
to derail it altogether. By contrast, failure to act could
have much more damaging consequences, as the imbalances
unravel” (p. 26).They also argue that emerging
bubbles can be more readily identified if central banks
look beyond asset prices to include other variables
that signal a threat to financial stability. Specifically,
they find that episodes of sustained rapid credit expansion,
booming stock or house prices, and high levels
of investment, are almost always followed by periods
of stress in the financial system.
Empirical evidence
Clearly, economists have yet to reach a consensus on
whether central banks should react directly to asset
prices. But what do central banks actually do? Interestingly,
empirical evidence suggests that U.S. monetary
policy has reacted directly to the stock market during
the term of Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan.
Figure 1 plots an estimated Fed policy rule using
quarterly data over the period 1987:Q3 to 2003:Q3.
The estimated rule is constructed along the lines of
the well-known “Taylor rule.” Specifically, the quarterly
average federal funds rate is regressed on a constant
term, the inflation rate in the previous quarter (as
measured by the four-quarter percent change in the
GDP price index), and the output gap in the previous
quarter (as measured by the percent deviation of
real GDP from a fitted long-run trend).
Figure 2 adds the annualized percent change in the
S&P 500 stock index during the previous quarter to the
regression equation.The use of data from the previous
quarter helps ensure that the direction of causation
88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02
0
2
4
6
8
10
Actual
Fitted
Federal funds rate (percent)
Figure 1
Fitted versus actual federal funds rate
without stock market variable
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