Third, the actual presentation of the problem is a critical component of PBLs. Problems are encountered before any preparation or study has occurred (Barrows, 1980). The problem must be presented in a realistic way that encourages students to adopt and take ownership for the problem (Barrows, 1980; Savery & Duffy, 1994). The data must be embedded in the problem presentation (refer back to the example of anchored instruction) but must not highlight the critical factors in the case. Students must make their own decisions about what is critical and what is not because that is cognitively authentic: It reflects actual job performance (Savery & Duffy, 1994)