INTRODUCTION
There is a long history of the use of community gardens to improve psychological well being and social relations, to facilitate healing and to increase supplies of fresh foods (Francis et al. 1994, Hynes 1996, Murphy 1991, Boston Urban Gardeners 1982). During and after both World Wars, community gardens provided increased food supplies which required minimal transporting. During the Great Depression, city lands were made available to the unemployed and impoverished by the Work Projects Administration (WPA); nearly 5,000 gardens on 700 acres were cultivated in New York City through this program (Hynes 1996). During WWII, the U.S. Department of Agriculture reported that national health as well as personal well-being were dependent on the consumption of fresh vegetables, which led to the Victory Gardens Program and the production of approximately 40% of the fresh vegetables consumed in the U.S. from an estimated 20 million gardens (Murphy 1991).
Research on community gardening suggests a variety of additional benefits, for both individuals and for communities. One study reported that community gardeners have greater consumption of fresh vegetables compared with non-gardeners, and lower consumption of sweet foods and drinks (Blair et al. 1991). There is evidence that community gardens benefit the psychological well-being (McBey 1985, Francis et al. 1994, Ulrich 1981, Kaplan 1973) and social well-being (McBey 1985, White and Lake 1973, Gold 1977, Sommer et al. 1994) of gardeners and local residents (Sommer et al. 1994). One project estimated savings of between $50 and $250 per season in food costs for community gardeners (Hlubik et al. 1994). Furthermore, this study reported that 5,000 pounds of vegetables were produced by 37 gardeners and "1,000 pounds of vegetables were shared with friends and neighbors, local soup kitchens and senior centers." Wider neighborhood support for gardens was demonstrated in one area by an unexpected lack of vandalism in the community gardens (Hlubik et al. 1994) (personal communication Dr. Dorothy Blair, Pennsylvania State U). In New York City, an outpouring of local neighborhood support occurred in response to a city decision to cancel the leases on numerous community gardens (Monaster 1995, Rosser 1994), some of which had existed as long as 20 years. Community gardens have generated particularly strong local neighborhood involvement with the inclusion of music, theater and storytelling, by incorporating a community performance area and hosting such activities in the gardens (Fisher 1992, Raver 1993, Martinez-Salgado et al. 1993, Winkeller 1984). Also, how often city gardens and parks are frequented has been negatively correlated with local crime (Gold 1977, Harold Lewis Malt Associates for U.S. Dept. Of Housing and Urban Development 1972, Baker 1997).
Health research has focused primarily on exercise associated with gardening, and benefits to individual gardeners (Blair et al. 1991, Hlubik et al. 1994). Gardening is one of the most commonly practiced types of exercise (Crespo et al. 1996, Yusuf et al. 1996, Magnus et al. 1979) and is a recommended form of physical activity (Pate et al. 1995). During 1988 to 1991, 59% of men and 42%of women in the U.S. reported gardening as a source of leisure time exercise (Crespo et al. 1996). Gardening has been ranked a moderate to heavy intensity physical activity (Brooks 1988, Ford et al. 1991, Dannenberg et al. 1989) and in one study a significant reduction in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure was associated with either walking or gardening, after controlling for confounders (Caspersen et al. 1991). Furthermore, participants spent a greater amount of time per week doing gardening (225 minutes/wk) compared with other leading activities, such as walking (160 min/wk) and bicycling (170 min/wk) (Caspersen et al. 1991).
Gender roles apparently influence levels and types of physical activity, such that men are more likely to exercise (Crespo et al. 1996, Yusuf et al. 1996, King et al. 1992) and to exercise more vigorously than women (Crespo et al. 1996, King et al. 1992, Mitchell et al. 1994, Ford et al. 1991). However, there is evidence that women tend to spend equal or greater amounts of time gardening compared with men. In the Framingham Offspring study, approximately equal amounts of time were spent on gardening and walking during spring and summer seasons, and women spent as much or greater amounts of time on both of these activities as men (Dannenberg et al. 1989). In a study in Pennsylvania, gardening was the leading leisure-time physical activity and was more common among women than men of higher socioeconomic status, 25% and 20% respectively, and there was little difference between women and men of lower socioeconomic status, approximately 14% (Ford et al. 1991).
The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify and survey community garden programs throughout upstate New York, during 1997-98. Characteristics of community garden programs, individual gardens and gardeners were documented, and characteristics which may be useful to facilitate neighborhood development and health promotion were analyzed and discussed.
แนะนำมีประวัติศาสตร์ยาวนานของการใช้ชุมชนสวนเพื่อปรับปรุงจิตใจความเป็นอยู่และความสัมพันธ์ทางสังคม เพื่อให้ง่ายต่อการรักษา และ การเพิ่มวัสดุอาหารสด (Francis et al. 1994, Hynes 1996, 1991 เมอร์ฟี 1982 คนเมืองบอสตัน) ระหว่าง และ หลังสงครามโลกทั้งสอง ชุมชนสวนให้เพิ่มเสบียงที่ต้องใช้การขนส่งน้อยที่สุด ในระหว่างภาวะซึมเศร้าที่ดี ดินแดนเมืองขึ้นมีคนตกงาน และจนด้วยการทำงานโครงการบริหาร (WPA); สวนเกือบ 5000 ไร่ 700 ถูกปลูกในนิวยอร์กผ่านโปรแกรมนี้ (Hynes 1996) ในระหว่างสงครามโลกครั้ง แผนกเกษตรสหรัฐฯ รายงานว่า สุขภาพแห่งชาติเป็นบุคคลที่ถูกขึ้นอยู่กับปริมาณของผัก ที่โปรแกรมสวนชัยและผลิตประมาณ 40% ของผักสดที่ใช้ในสหรัฐอเมริกาจากการสวน 20 ล้านโดยประมาณ (เมอร์ฟี 1991)Research on community gardening suggests a variety of additional benefits, for both individuals and for communities. One study reported that community gardeners have greater consumption of fresh vegetables compared with non-gardeners, and lower consumption of sweet foods and drinks (Blair et al. 1991). There is evidence that community gardens benefit the psychological well-being (McBey 1985, Francis et al. 1994, Ulrich 1981, Kaplan 1973) and social well-being (McBey 1985, White and Lake 1973, Gold 1977, Sommer et al. 1994) of gardeners and local residents (Sommer et al. 1994). One project estimated savings of between $50 and $250 per season in food costs for community gardeners (Hlubik et al. 1994). Furthermore, this study reported that 5,000 pounds of vegetables were produced by 37 gardeners and "1,000 pounds of vegetables were shared with friends and neighbors, local soup kitchens and senior centers." Wider neighborhood support for gardens was demonstrated in one area by an unexpected lack of vandalism in the community gardens (Hlubik et al. 1994) (personal communication Dr. Dorothy Blair, Pennsylvania State U). In New York City, an outpouring of local neighborhood support occurred in response to a city decision to cancel the leases on numerous community gardens (Monaster 1995, Rosser 1994), some of which had existed as long as 20 years. Community gardens have generated particularly strong local neighborhood involvement with the inclusion of music, theater and storytelling, by incorporating a community performance area and hosting such activities in the gardens (Fisher 1992, Raver 1993, Martinez-Salgado et al. 1993, Winkeller 1984). Also, how often city gardens and parks are frequented has been negatively correlated with local crime (Gold 1977, Harold Lewis Malt Associates for U.S. Dept. Of Housing and Urban Development 1972, Baker 1997).Health research has focused primarily on exercise associated with gardening, and benefits to individual gardeners (Blair et al. 1991, Hlubik et al. 1994). Gardening is one of the most commonly practiced types of exercise (Crespo et al. 1996, Yusuf et al. 1996, Magnus et al. 1979) and is a recommended form of physical activity (Pate et al. 1995). During 1988 to 1991, 59% of men and 42%of women in the U.S. reported gardening as a source of leisure time exercise (Crespo et al. 1996). Gardening has been ranked a moderate to heavy intensity physical activity (Brooks 1988, Ford et al. 1991, Dannenberg et al. 1989) and in one study a significant reduction in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure was associated with either walking or gardening, after controlling for confounders (Caspersen et al. 1991). Furthermore, participants spent a greater amount of time per week doing gardening (225 minutes/wk) compared with other leading activities, such as walking (160 min/wk) and bicycling (170 min/wk) (Caspersen et al. 1991).Gender roles apparently influence levels and types of physical activity, such that men are more likely to exercise (Crespo et al. 1996, Yusuf et al. 1996, King et al. 1992) and to exercise more vigorously than women (Crespo et al. 1996, King et al. 1992, Mitchell et al. 1994, Ford et al. 1991). However, there is evidence that women tend to spend equal or greater amounts of time gardening compared with men. In the Framingham Offspring study, approximately equal amounts of time were spent on gardening and walking during spring and summer seasons, and women spent as much or greater amounts of time on both of these activities as men (Dannenberg et al. 1989). In a study in Pennsylvania, gardening was the leading leisure-time physical activity and was more common among women than men of higher socioeconomic status, 25% and 20% respectively, and there was little difference between women and men of lower socioeconomic status, approximately 14% (Ford et al. 1991).
The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify and survey community garden programs throughout upstate New York, during 1997-98. Characteristics of community garden programs, individual gardens and gardeners were documented, and characteristics which may be useful to facilitate neighborhood development and health promotion were analyzed and discussed.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
