Sissenwine and Mace [18] noted two patterns in these catch histories. In the first, small stocks were fished down rapidly
before effective management could be implemented. In the second, with larger stocks, research initially overestimated stock size, often coupled with non-conservative management practises and ‘‘fishing-down’’ phases, which led to excessive depletion. Francis and Clark [82] and Clark [88] have further examined sustainability issues with orange roughy, and attributed over-exploitation to a combination of biological characteristics and habitat/fishery factors whereby their aggregation behavior makes them vulnerable to rapid depletion, and research-management limitations that mean often too little is learnt too late. Economic considerations have also been important, as the market value for