ESE was measured by the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale [32]. This scale contains 18 items relating to different circumstances. The patients were asked to rate their degree of confidence on a 100- point scale in 10-unit intervals ranging from 0 (‘‘cannot do’’) through intermediate degrees of assurance (e.g., 50 is ‘‘moderately certain can do’’) to complete assurance (e.g., 100 is ‘‘certainly can do’’) under given circumstances