Implications for Practice
Our findings confirm that psychological treatments are effective in depressed primary care patients. This finding is reassuring for both patients and clinicians wishing to pursue nonpharmacological options. The lack of major differences between different types of psychological therapies suggests that an eclectic rather than a dogmatic approach should be favored. At least for CBT approaches, interventions that are less resource intensive seem to yield effects similar to interventions that are more intensive. Depending on what is available in a practice, center, or region, primary care physicians are encouraged to consider referring patients with depression to psychological therapy.
Future Research
Large pragmatic trials comparing long-term outcomes and acceptability of different psychological treatment strategies in depressed primary care patients are urgently needed. The available evidence for nonpharmacological treatment, although promising, is insufficient to guide routine primary care practice and health policy. Given the equivocal results in patients with minor depression or dysthymia and the widespread use of psychological treatments in these conditions, future studies seem of particular relevance.
Tested interventions should be able to be implemented in routine primary care, and trials should carefully follow existing reporting guidelines to facilitate future meta-analyses.34–36 The documentation of adherence, discontinuation, and adverse events should be improved in future research on psychological treatments for depression. Observational studies can investigate the long-term effects of psychological interventions that are implemented on a population-wide level. Future randomized trials and observational studies should carefully document the recruitment processes and why potentially eligible patients were not included or chose a given modality. More complex designs, such as a double-randomized preference trial, could investigate the effects of treatment preference and selection.37,38
Implications for PracticeOur findings confirm that psychological treatments are effective in depressed primary care patients. This finding is reassuring for both patients and clinicians wishing to pursue nonpharmacological options. The lack of major differences between different types of psychological therapies suggests that an eclectic rather than a dogmatic approach should be favored. At least for CBT approaches, interventions that are less resource intensive seem to yield effects similar to interventions that are more intensive. Depending on what is available in a practice, center, or region, primary care physicians are encouraged to consider referring patients with depression to psychological therapy.Future ResearchLarge pragmatic trials comparing long-term outcomes and acceptability of different psychological treatment strategies in depressed primary care patients are urgently needed. The available evidence for nonpharmacological treatment, although promising, is insufficient to guide routine primary care practice and health policy. Given the equivocal results in patients with minor depression or dysthymia and the widespread use of psychological treatments in these conditions, future studies seem of particular relevance.Tested interventions should be able to be implemented in routine primary care, and trials should carefully follow existing reporting guidelines to facilitate future meta-analyses.34–36 The documentation of adherence, discontinuation, and adverse events should be improved in future research on psychological treatments for depression. Observational studies can investigate the long-term effects of psychological interventions that are implemented on a population-wide level. Future randomized trials and observational studies should carefully document the recruitment processes and why potentially eligible patients were not included or chose a given modality. More complex designs, such as a double-randomized preference trial, could investigate the effects of treatment preference and selection.37,38
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