Development of glass with doped rare earth ion
Glasses doped with rare-earth ions are proving to be luminescence materials as they have high emission efficiencies. These emissions correspond to 4f–4f and 4f–5d electronic transitions The 4f–4f transition gives an especially sharp fluorescence pattern from the ultraviolet (UV) to the infrared region. Then it has been widely studied and applied in a variety of photonic applications, e.g., solid-state lasers, waveguide lasers, optical fibers and optical amplifiers
Eu3+ ion is one of the most studied rare-earth ions as well as one of the most efficient ions for photonic devices
A mixture of PbO with glycerine sets to a hard, waterproof cement that has been used to join the flat glass sides and bottoms of aquariums, and was also once used to seal glass panels in window frames. It is a component of lead paints.
In powdered tetragonal litharge form, it can be mixed with linseed oil and then boiled to create a weather-resistant sizing used in gilding. The litharge would give the sizing a dark red color that made the gold leaf appear warm and lustrous, while the linseed oil would impart adhesion and a flat durable binding surface.