This study showed that G. lemaneiformis and L. japonica have
played a role of cleaning their surrounding environment by storing
large quantities of nutrients when they were co-cultured with P.
crocea, C. gigas and A. japonicus in different months. Thus the species
can be used to balance nutrients produced by fish farming in
an IMTA system when it is in the estimated optimal co-cultivation
proportion. However, although it is obvious that there are ecological
benefits to integrated co-cultivation, the optimum breeding
density and species composition should be determined.