1 Introduction
Increasing world population has necessitated the development of intensive confined animal feeding operations to satisfy the growing demand for animal protein. Large farms producing significant amounts of manure and other agricultural wastes are often concentrated in small areas without enough land available for proper waste disposal. This contributes to nutrient imbalances which sometimes result in deteriorating soil quality, water and air pollution (Westerman and Bicudo, 2005). Strict environmental regulations fostered considerable research into developing alternative waste management techniques. Sustainable agriculture depends on proper implementation of these new techniques.
Many insects naturally feed in organic wastes, incorporating the nutrients into their bodies and reducing the amount of waste material in the process. Coprophagous and carrion breeding flies play an important role in the recycling of organic matter in nature.
Lindner (1919) is probably the first who proposed the use of flies to recover nutrients, especially fat, from organic waste (human and animal excreta). Later, scientists showed that poultry manure may be artificially inoculated by house fly eggs, the newly-hatched larvae can be bred and harvested in a controllable manner and processed into meal fed to growing chicks (Calvert, 1979 and Miller et al., 1974). Subsequent laboratory studies indicated that, despite relatively low yields of fly larvae (3.2% of fresh poultry manure on a wet basis), processing of manure by fly larvae is advantageous due to the high quality of fly protein, substantial reduction of manure mass, and conversion of manure residue into granular odorless material (Calvert, 1979 and Morgan and Eby, 1975).
This paper summarizes currently available information about fly species and types of waste used for biodegradation, the technology of semi-natural and laboratory bioconversion systems, potential use and safety of the products and discusses the most recent advancement and perspectiveness of biodegradation of organic waste by fly larvae.
1 IntroductionIncreasing world population has necessitated the development of intensive confined animal feeding operations to satisfy the growing demand for animal protein. Large farms producing significant amounts of manure and other agricultural wastes are often concentrated in small areas without enough land available for proper waste disposal. This contributes to nutrient imbalances which sometimes result in deteriorating soil quality, water and air pollution (Westerman and Bicudo, 2005). Strict environmental regulations fostered considerable research into developing alternative waste management techniques. Sustainable agriculture depends on proper implementation of these new techniques.Many insects naturally feed in organic wastes, incorporating the nutrients into their bodies and reducing the amount of waste material in the process. Coprophagous and carrion breeding flies play an important role in the recycling of organic matter in nature.Lindner (1919) is probably the first who proposed the use of flies to recover nutrients, especially fat, from organic waste (human and animal excreta). Later, scientists showed that poultry manure may be artificially inoculated by house fly eggs, the newly-hatched larvae can be bred and harvested in a controllable manner and processed into meal fed to growing chicks (Calvert, 1979 and Miller et al., 1974). Subsequent laboratory studies indicated that, despite relatively low yields of fly larvae (3.2% of fresh poultry manure on a wet basis), processing of manure by fly larvae is advantageous due to the high quality of fly protein, substantial reduction of manure mass, and conversion of manure residue into granular odorless material (Calvert, 1979 and Morgan and Eby, 1975).This paper summarizes currently available information about fly species and types of waste used for biodegradation, the technology of semi-natural and laboratory bioconversion systems, potential use and safety of the products and discusses the most recent advancement and perspectiveness of biodegradation of organic waste by fly larvae.
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