He allows, therefore, that there are rule transgressions in modern societies which are still crimes, in that they are offences against collective values as constituted and expressed in law, rather than merely torts, wrongs against another individual, and that therefore punishment for crimes rather than restitution for wrongs wil1 have a part to play in the legal provisions of modern societies. His two laws of penal evolution, however, continue to maintain that punishments will be less repressive, less retributive, in modern than in traditional societies.