Using centrifugal electrospinning, a roll-to-roll process was established for producing ultrathin nonwoven meshes of recombinant spider silk applicable in fine dust filter systems. The advanced CES device combines an electrical and a centrifugal field with an air stream, enabling efficient production of spider silk nanofibers at a production rate that is up to 1000 times higher than that of traditional spinning methods. Fibers spun using this CES technique showed a significantly higher β-sheet content than those spun using needle-based electrospinning, indicating greater mechanical and chemical stability. Therefore, no post-treatment was necessary, which allowed development of a roll-to-roll process. Fine dust filtration tests of spider silk meshes produced with such a setup revealed filter efficiencies (PM2.5) and quality factors significantly higher than those of a commercial filter system, opening the road towards applications in scale-up processes.