The sole nucleotide difference in the amp genes of HP
and RhY or SWB is a nonsynonymous substitution. Amp
interacts with insect microfilaments, which determines the
insect-vector specificity of the phytoplasma (Suzuki et al.
2006). SWB and RhY are both transmitted by the leafhopper
species Hishimonous sellatus (Kim et al. 1990;
Kusunoki et al. 2002). In addition, the one nonsynonymous
substitution site in the amp gene is not subject to positive
selection that can affect insect-vector specificity (Kakizawa
et al. 2006). Consequently, it is likely that HP is also
transmitted from R. javanica by H. sellatus. In Japan,
hydrangeas infected by ‘Ca. P. japonicum’ have been
found in various regions (Kanehira et al. 1996; Sawayanagi
et al. 1999), but this is the first case of ‘Ca. P. asteris’
associating with hydrangea, which is thought to be caused
by insect transmission from different host plant species
such as R. javanica. Therefore, to control HP in hydrangeas,
surveillance and removal of infected plants in the
vicinity of agricultural field will be important. Since HP
belongs to the species ‘Ca. P. asteris’, it can be detected
using the recently developed LAMP method (Sugawara
et al. 2012) within 60 min (data not shown), which will
facilitate the investigation and control of HP phytoplasma.
The sole nucleotide difference in the amp genes of HP
and RhY or SWB is a nonsynonymous substitution. Amp
interacts with insect microfilaments, which determines the
insect-vector specificity of the phytoplasma (Suzuki et al.
2006). SWB and RhY are both transmitted by the leafhopper
species Hishimonous sellatus (Kim et al. 1990;
Kusunoki et al. 2002). In addition, the one nonsynonymous
substitution site in the amp gene is not subject to positive
selection that can affect insect-vector specificity (Kakizawa
et al. 2006). Consequently, it is likely that HP is also
transmitted from R. javanica by H. sellatus. In Japan,
hydrangeas infected by ‘Ca. P. japonicum’ have been
found in various regions (Kanehira et al. 1996; Sawayanagi
et al. 1999), but this is the first case of ‘Ca. P. asteris’
associating with hydrangea, which is thought to be caused
by insect transmission from different host plant species
such as R. javanica. Therefore, to control HP in hydrangeas,
surveillance and removal of infected plants in the
vicinity of agricultural field will be important. Since HP
belongs to the species ‘Ca. P. asteris’, it can be detected
using the recently developed LAMP method (Sugawara
et al. 2012) within 60 min (data not shown), which will
facilitate the investigation and control of HP phytoplasma.
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